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"At a mile distant their thousand hooves were stuttering thunder, coming at a rate that frightened a man - they were an awe inspiring sight, galloping through the red haze - knee to knee and horse to horse - the dying sun glinting on bayonet points..." Trooper Ion Idriess

The Australian Light Horse Studies Centre aims to present an accurate history as chroniclers of early Australian military developments from 1899 to 1920.

The Australian Light Horse Studies Centre site holds over 12,000 entries and is growing daily.

Contact: Australian Light Horse Studies Centre

Let us hear your story: You can tell your story, make a comment or ask for help on our Australian Light Horse Studies Centre Forum called:

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WARNING: This site contains: names, information and images of deceased people; and, language which may be considered inappropriate today.

Saturday, 28 July 2012
Australian Service Personnel, Photograph Albums, Anzac Mounted Division Daily Reports, February 1918, Album Contents
Topic: AAC-Photo Albums

Australian Service Personnel

Photograph Albums

Anzac Mounted Division Daily Reports, February 1918, Album Contents

 

Major General Sir Edward Walter Clervaux Chaytor KCMG KCVO CB Commanding Officer of the Anzac Mounted Division

During the Jordan Valley days of the Anzac Mounted Division in 1918, a daily report was issued to the Brigades under its command to keep the men informed as to the happenings around them. The information was vital to keep the men alive and well.

This archive was discovered in private hands and has been generously donated to the Australian public for open use. The pages are only free for private study purposes and cannot be reproduced for commercial purposes.

This album comprises these reports. Each report page is posted twice, the first post being a full sized document while the second is of smaller size noted with an "s" at the end of the link.

Each dated document should be read in conjunction with the Anzac Mounted Division War Diary for February 1918 which is available here:

Anzac Mounted Division War Diary, February 1918

Maps of the operations described in the papers have been attached to the rear of the album.

 

Listings in the Album:

Page 1

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 1 February 1918

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 1 February 1918 s

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 2 February 1918

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 2 February 1918 s

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 3 February 1918

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 3 February 1918 s

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 4 February 1918

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 4 February 1918 s

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 5 February 1918

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 5 February 1918 s

 

Page 2

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 6 February 1918

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 6 February 1918 s

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 7 February 1918

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 7 February 1918 s

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 8 February 1918

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 8 February 1918 s

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 9 February 1918

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 9 February 1918 s

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 10 February 1918

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 10 February 1918 s

 

Page 3

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 11 February 1918

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 11 February 1918 s

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 12 February 1918

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 12 February 1918 s

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 13 February 1918

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 13 February 1918 s

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 14 February 1918

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 14 February 1918 s

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 15 February 1918

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 15 February 1918 s

 

Page 4

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 16 February 1918, p. 1

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 16 February 1918, p. 1 s

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 16 February 1918, p. 2

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 16 February 1918, p. 2 s

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 17 February 1918, p. 1

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 17 February 1918, p. 1 s

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 17 February 1918, p. 2

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 17 February 1918, p. 2 s

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 17 February 1918, p. 3

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 17 February 1918, p. 3 s

 

Page 5

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 17 February 1918, p. 4

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 17 February 1918, p. 4 s

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 18 February 1918, p. 1

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 18 February 1918, p. 1 s

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 18 February 1918, p. 2

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 18 February 1918, p. 2 s

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 19 February 1918

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 19 February 1918 s

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 20 February 1918

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 20 February 1918 s

 

Page 6

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 21 February 1918

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 21 February 1918 s

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 22 February 1918, p. 1

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 22 February 1918, p. 1 s

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 22 February 1918, p. 2

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 22 February 1918, p. 2 s

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 22 February 1918, p. 3

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 22 February 1918, p. 3 s

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 22 February 1918, p. 4

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 22 February 1918, p. 4 s

 

Page 7

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 22 February 1918, p. 5

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 22 February 1918, p. 5 s

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 23 February 1918, p. 1

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 23 February 1918, p. 1 s

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 23 February 1918, p. 2

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 23 February 1918, p. 2 s

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 23 February 1918, p. 3

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 23 February 1918, p. 3 s

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 23 February 1918, p. 4

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 23 February 1918, p. 4 s

 

Page 8

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 23 February 1918, p. 5

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 23 February 1918, p. 5 s

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 23 February 1918, p. 6

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 23 February 1918, p. 6 s

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 23 February 1918, p. 7

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 23 February 1918, p. 7 s

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 24 February 1918

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 24 February 1918 s

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 25 February 1918

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 25 February 1918 s

 

Page 9

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 26 February 1918

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 26 February 1918 s

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 27 February 1918

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 27 February 1918 s

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 28 February 1918

Anzac MD Daily Intelligence Report, 28 February 1918 s

Jericho Operations, Full Map

Jericho Operations, Full Map s

Jericho Operations, Southern Map Section

Jericho Operations, Northern Map Section

 

 

Further Reading:

Australian Service Personnel, Photograph Albums

Anzac Mounted Division, AIF

Australian Light Horse

Battles where Australians fought, 1899-1920

 


Citation: Australian Service Personnel, Photograph Albums, Anzac Mounted Division Daily Reports, February 1918, Album Contents

Posted by Project Leader at 11:26 AM EADT
Updated: Saturday, 28 July 2012 6:26 PM EADT
Friday, 27 July 2012
Jordan Valley 1918, Jordan Valley Maps, Contents
Topic: BatzJ - JV Maps

Jordan Valley 1918

Jordan Valley Maps

Contents

 

Items

Maps

Outposts - The "W" Series

Tel el Truny

El Ghoraniye Bridgehead

El Ghoraniye Bridges, 1893 - 2010

 

Campaign Maps

February 1918

Jericho Operations, Full Map

Jericho Operations, Full Map s

Jericho Operations, Southern Map Section

Jericho Operations, Northern Map Section

 

 

 

Further Reading:

Jordan Valley 1918

Jordan Valley Maps

Battles where Australians fought, 1899-1920

 


Citation: Jordan Valley 1918, Jordan Valley Maps, Contents


Posted by Project Leader at 12:01 AM EADT
Updated: Saturday, 28 July 2012 6:50 PM EADT
Thursday, 26 July 2012
Jordan Valley 1918, Jordan Valley Maps, El Ghoraniye Bridges, 1893 - 2010
Topic: BatzJ - JV Maps

Jordan Valley 1918

Jordan Valley Maps

El Ghoraniye Bridges, 1893 - 2010

 

Jordan Valley photograph highlighting the region around the El Ghoraniye Bridge

 

The El Ghoraniye Bridgehead was seen as an important crossing point from Jerusalem to the west of the Jordan River over to the east into the hills of Moab. When the Allied forces arrived in the Jordan Valley during February 1918, the problem of pursuing the war into Moab required excellent communications between the two sides of the river, a major natural barrier.

The Ottomans had erected a wooden bridge in 1893 for the specific purpose of facilitating trade from Amman to Jerusalem. The bridge was designed to collect various tolls and taxes from the travelling merchants and whomever else could afford to use the bridge

 

El Ghoraniye Bridge built by the Ottomans in 1893

 

The Ottoman El Ghoraniye Bridge was burnt in 1918 in response to the Allied advance into the Jordan Valley. When the allied forces had secured both sides of the Jordan River around the El Ghoraniye Bridgehead, they proceeded to construct a temporary bridge from pontoons.

 

El Ghoraniye Pontoon Bridge

 

This temporary bridge served to allow the Allied forces to enter into Moab and attack Amman during March 1918.

Subsequent to this attack, a more permanent and stable bridge was required and this was quickly erected. 

 

El Ghoraniye Trestle Bridge

 

The trestle bridge was a more stable structure but its main feature militating against any long term solution was the trestles themselves which blocked any amenity to the river, let alone snagged every piece of debris floating down the river, including Ottoman devices to destroy the bridge.  

 

El Ghoraniye Suspension Bridge

 

As the occupation proceeded, a more substantial suspension bridge was built which satisfied all military requirements and was a great asset to the locals.

 

Post War El Ghoraniye Suspension Bridge in civilian use

 

The free use of the suspension bridge by the local people meant that commerce could thrive between both sides of the Jordan River, regardless of whom occupied the various territories. 

After the Great War, the traffic became so intense that plans for a better bridge at El Ghoraniye were laid.

 

Allenby Bridge Opening 1919

 

In 1919, the newly built bridge, named by the British Occupation Force as the Allenby Bridge after General Allenby, was opened.

 

Allenby Bridge, 1919

 

Over the next decade traffic grew until the single lane bridge proved to be rather cumbersome and prone to traffic jams and hold-ups. The British Palestine Authority began the construction of the two lane bridge which was opened in 1934.

 

New Allenby Bridge, 1934

 

This bridge became both the focus of trade between east and west Jordan but also a symbol for those bent on destruction of that communication. The New Allenby Bridge was damaged in 1946 by the Jewish underground army, the Palmach.

 

The Palmach damage to the Allenby Bridge, 1946

 

The bridge was repaired and once again traffic resumed. 

After the granting of independence to Israel and Jordan in 1947, the Allenby Bridge became part of the Jordan state infrastructure and remained that way until the Six Day in 1967, when this time the 1934 bridge was completely destroyed.

 

The destroyed Allenby Bridge on 1 June 1967

 

At the end of the war, through secret meetings between Israel and Jordan, the bridge was sufficiently restored to allow foot traffic, and so keep the flow of commerce going between the east and west banks.

 

The Allenby Bridge restorred for foot traffic, 1967

 

While the Bridge was repaired for limited traffic, the needs of commerce required a bridge capable of sustaining wheeled traffic. Even though Israel and Jordan were in a state of war, the reality of commerce forced these two erstwhile enemies to make agreements regarding a new bridge. Anything of substance was not going to be built during the state of war but a cheap truss style bridge was constructed by the engineering troops of Israel and Jordan. The temporary bridge was opened in 1968.

 

The replacement Allenby Bridge built in 1968

 

As the years of truce turned into decades, more and more work was undertaken on the temporary bridge to make it more stable and accessible.

 

Additional work on the 1968 Allenby Bridge

 

By 1980, the bridge was quite substantial again although the size meant it was restricted to only one lane of traffic.

The breakthrough occurred with the Jordan-Israel Peace Treaty at the border crossing for the bridge on 26 October 1994. With a state of peace declared between the two nations, thoughts again went to constructing a new bridge, something to reflect the harmony between these two very ancient nations.

To celebrate the Peace Treaty, the Japanese Government gifted a new bridge to Jordan and Israel with construction to begin in 1996 and projected to conclude in 1999.

 

The Japanese constructed Bridge next to the truss bridge, 1999.

 

This unique photograph illustrates the nature of the Jordan River and the two bridges spanning the river, as well as the scale of the project. 

In 1999, the new, four lane bridge was ready to be opened. The name of the bridge was already part of the contention so in the end, a compromise was worked out. It would carry two names.

 

The Japanese constructed Bridge

 

On the Israeli side it was called the Gesher Alenbi or Allenby Bridge while on the Jordanian side, it bore the name Jisr al-Malek Hussein or in English, the King Hussein Bridge. The bridge forms an important and symbolic meeting between the hills of Judea and the hills of Moab, a symbiosis between these two areas which has been ongoing for many thousands of years.

 

 

Further Reading:

Jordan Valley 1918

Jordan Valley Maps

Battles where Australians fought, 1899-1920

 


Citation: Jordan Valley 1918, Jordan Valley Maps, El Ghoraniye Bridges, 1893 - 2010


Posted by Project Leader at 12:01 AM EADT
Updated: Sunday, 29 July 2012 2:29 PM EADT
Tuesday, 24 July 2012
Australian Service Personnel, Photograph Albums, Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Album Contents
Topic: AAC-Photo Albums

Australian Service Personnel

Photograph Albums

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Album Contents

 

Lieutenant General Sir Henry Merrick Lawson KCB (1859 – 1933)

 

During the difficult days of man-power shortage in the Middle East, General Henry Merrick LAWSON, a well known specialist in combing out rear areas for front line soldiers, was sent to Egypt to perform a similar function as he had done on the Western Front.

This album comprises his report. Each report page is posted twice, the first post being a full sized document while the second is of smaller size noted with an "s" at the end of the link.

 

Listings in the Album:

Page 1

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Cover

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Cover s

The Author, Lieutenant General Sir Henry Merrick Lawson KCB (30 January 1859 – 1933)

The Author, Lieutenant General Sir Henry Merrick Lawson KCB (30 January 1859 – 1933), Portrait

Table of Contents

Table of Contents s

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 1

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 1 s

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 2

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 2 s

 

Page 2

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 3

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 3 s

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 4

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 4 s

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 5

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 5 s

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 6

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 6 s

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 7

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 7 s

 

Page 3

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 8

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 8 s

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 9

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 9 s

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 10

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 10 s

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 11

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 11 s

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 12

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 12 s

 

Page 4

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 13

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 13 s

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 14

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 14 s

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 15

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 15 s

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 16

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 16 s

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 17

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 17 s

 

Page 5

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 18

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 18 s

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 19

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 19 s

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 20

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 20 s

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 21

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 21 s

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 22

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 22 s

 

Page 6

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 23

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 23 s

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 24

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 24 s

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 25

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 25 s

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 27

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 27 s

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 28

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 28 s

 

Page 7

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 29

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 29 s

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 30

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 30 s

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 31

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 31 s

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 32

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 32 s

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 33

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 33 s

 

Page 8

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 34

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 34 s

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 35

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 35 s

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 36

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 36 s

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 37

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 37 s

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 38

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 38 s

 

Page 9

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 39

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 39 s

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 40

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 40 s

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 41

Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Page 41 s

 

 

Further Reading:

Australian Service Personnel, Photograph Albums

Australian Light Horse

Battles where Australians fought, 1899-1920

 


Citation: Australian Service Personnel, Photograph Albums, Man-Power in Egypt, Report, 17 May 1917, Album Contents

Posted by Project Leader at 11:52 AM EADT
Updated: Tuesday, 24 July 2012 6:38 PM EADT
Sunday, 22 July 2012
Australian Service Personnel, Photograph Albums, The AIF XI Tour of South Africa, 1919, Album Contents
Topic: AAC-Photo Albums

Australian Service Personnel

Photograph Albums

The AIF XI Tour of South Africa, 1919, Album Contents

 

The AIF XI South African Touring Team, 1919

 

At the conclusion of the Great war, an AIF Test Team XI was selected to tour of South Africa in 1919 as a moral boosting initiative. From 18 October to 12 December 1919, 1919, the team played 10 matches of between 3 to 5 days, depending upon the team they were up against.

This album aims to document features of this series.

 

Items

Australian Imperial Forces in South Africa 1919 Match Fixtures

Australian Imperial Forces in South Africa 1919 Batting and Fielding Statistics

Australian Imperial Forces in South Africa 1919 First-class Bowling Statistics

 

Listings in the Album:

Page 1

The AIF XI Team

Soldier Cricketers who will meet a NSW Team today

2nd Military District Nominal Roll for NSW Team Members of the AIF XI

Samuel Charles WINNING

Samuel Charles WINNING

Samuel Charles WINNING Information

Hampden Stanley Bray 'Hammy" LOVE

Hampden Stanley Bray 'Hammy" LOVE

Hampden Stanley Bray 'Hammy" LOVE Information

John Tinline MURRAY

John Tinline MURRAY

John Tinline MURRAY Information

Eric Alister BULL

Eric Alister BULL Information

 

Page 2

Jack Morrison GREGORY

Jack Morrison GREGORY

Edmund James LONG

Edmund James LONG

William Albert Stanley "Cracker" OLDFIELD

William Albert Stanley "Cracker" OLDFIELD

Cyril Talbot DOCKER

Cyril Talbot DOCKER

Clarence Everard "Nip" PELLEW

Clarence Everard "Nip" PELLEW

 

Page 3

Herbert Leslie "Herby" COLLINS

Herbert Leslie "Herby" COLLINS

Herbert Leslie "Herby" COLLINS

Carl Bleakley WILLIS

Carl Bleakley WILLIS

Carl Bleakley WILLIS

Albert Wallis LAMPARD

William Leo TRENERRY

William Leo TRENERRY

William Leo TRENERRY

 

Page 4

William Stuart STIRLING

William Stuart STIRLING

William Stuart STIRLING

John Morris "Johnny" TAYLOR

John Morris "Johnny" TAYLOR

Ernest James CAMERON, Team Manager

The last game of the AIF Cricket XI in England, 13 September 1919.

 

 

Further Reading:

Australian Service Personnel, Photograph Albums

Australian Light Horse

Battles where Australians fought, 1899-1920

 


Citation: Australian Service Personnel, Photograph Albums, The AIF XI Tour of South Africa, 1919, Album Contents

Posted by Project Leader at 5:38 PM EADT
Updated: Tuesday, 24 July 2012 11:54 AM EADT

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The Australian Light Horse Studies Centre is a not for profit and non profit group whose sole aim is to write the early history of the Australian Light Horse from 1900 - 1920. It is privately funded and the information is provided by the individuals within the group and while permission for the use of the material has been given for this site for these items by various donors, the residual and actual copyright for these items, should there be any, resides exclusively with the donors. The information on this site is freely available for private research use only and if used as such, should be appropriately acknowledged. To assist in this process, each item has a citation attached at the bottom for referencing purposes.

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